Code re-work: advanced lighting.

src/5.advanced_lighting/3.2.2.point_shadows_soft/point_shadows.frag

@@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
+#version 330 core
+out vec4 FragColor;
+
+in VS_OUT {
+    vec3 FragPos;
+    vec3 Normal;
+    vec2 TexCoords;
+} fs_in;
+
+uniform sampler2D diffuseTexture;
+uniform samplerCube depthMap;
+
+uniform vec3 lightPos;
+uniform vec3 viewPos;
+
+uniform float far_plane;
+uniform bool shadows;
+
+
+// array of offset direction for sampling
+vec3 gridSamplingDisk[20] = vec3[]
+(
+   vec3(1, 1, 1), vec3(1, -1, 1), vec3(-1, -1, 1), vec3(-1, 1, 1), 
+   vec3(1, 1, -1), vec3(1, -1, -1), vec3(-1, -1, -1), vec3(-1, 1, -1),
+   vec3(1, 1, 0), vec3(1, -1, 0), vec3(-1, -1, 0), vec3(-1, 1, 0),
+   vec3(1, 0, 1), vec3(-1, 0, 1), vec3(1, 0, -1), vec3(-1, 0, -1),
+   vec3(0, 1, 1), vec3(0, -1, 1), vec3(0, -1, -1), vec3(0, 1, -1)
+);
+
+float ShadowCalculation(vec3 fragPos)
+{
+    // Get vector between fragment position and light position
+    vec3 fragToLight = fragPos - lightPos;
+    // Use the fragment to light vector to sample from the depth map    
+    // float closestDepth = texture(depthMap, fragToLight).r;
+    // It is currently in linear range between [0,1]. Let's re-transform it back to original depth value
+    // closestDepth *= far_plane;
+    // Now get current linear depth as the length between the fragment and light position
+    float currentDepth = length(fragToLight);
+    // Now test for shadows
+    // float bias = 0.05; // We use a much larger bias since depth is now in [near_plane, far_plane] range
+    // float shadow = currentDepth -  bias > closestDepth ? 1.0 : 0.0;
+    // PCF
+    // float shadow = 0.0;
+    // float bias = 0.05; 
+    // float samples = 4.0;
+    // float offset = 0.1;
+    // for(float x = -offset; x < offset; x += offset / (samples * 0.5))
+    // {
+        // for(float y = -offset; y < offset; y += offset / (samples * 0.5))
+        // {
+            // for(float z = -offset; z < offset; z += offset / (samples * 0.5))
+            // {
+                // float closestDepth = texture(depthMap, fragToLight + vec3(x, y, z)).r; // Use lightdir to lookup cubemap
+                // closestDepth *= far_plane;   // Undo mapping [0;1]
+                // if(currentDepth - bias > closestDepth)
+                    // shadow += 1.0;
+            // }
+        // }
+    // }
+    // shadow /= (samples * samples * samples);
+    float shadow = 0.0;
+    float bias = 0.15;
+    int samples = 20;
+    float viewDistance = length(viewPos - fragPos);
+    float diskRadius = (1.0 + (viewDistance / far_plane)) / 25.0;
+    for(int i = 0; i < samples; ++i)
+    {
+        float closestDepth = texture(depthMap, fragToLight + gridSamplingDisk[i] * diskRadius).r;
+        closestDepth *= far_plane;   // Undo mapping [0;1]
+        if(currentDepth - bias > closestDepth)
+            shadow += 1.0;
+    }
+    shadow /= float(samples);
+        
+    // Display closestDepth as debug (to visualize depth cubemap)
+    // FragColor = vec4(vec3(closestDepth / far_plane), 1.0);    
+        
+    // return shadow;
+    return shadow;
+}
+
+void main()
+{           
+    vec3 color = texture(diffuseTexture, fs_in.TexCoords).rgb;
+    vec3 normal = normalize(fs_in.Normal);
+    vec3 lightColor = vec3(0.3);
+    // Ambient
+    vec3 ambient = 0.3 * color;
+    // Diffuse
+    vec3 lightDir = normalize(lightPos - fs_in.FragPos);
+    float diff = max(dot(lightDir, normal), 0.0);
+    vec3 diffuse = diff * lightColor;
+    // Specular
+    vec3 viewDir = normalize(viewPos - fs_in.FragPos);
+    vec3 reflectDir = reflect(-lightDir, normal);
+    float spec = 0.0;
+    vec3 halfwayDir = normalize(lightDir + viewDir);  
+    spec = pow(max(dot(normal, halfwayDir), 0.0), 64.0);
+    vec3 specular = spec * lightColor;    
+    // Calculate shadow
+    float shadow = shadows ? ShadowCalculation(fs_in.FragPos) : 0.0;                      
+    vec3 lighting = (ambient + (1.0 - shadow) * (diffuse + specular)) * color;    
+    
+    FragColor = vec4(lighting, 1.0f);
+}

src/5.advanced_lighting/3.2.2.point_shadows_soft/point_shadows.vs

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+#version 330 core
+layout (location = 0) in vec3 position;
+layout (location = 1) in vec3 normal;
+layout (location = 2) in vec2 texCoords;
+
+out vec2 TexCoords;
+
+out VS_OUT {
+    vec3 FragPos;
+    vec3 Normal;
+    vec2 TexCoords;
+} vs_out;
+
+uniform mat4 projection;
+uniform mat4 view;
+uniform mat4 model;
+
+uniform bool reverse_normals;
+
+void main()
+{
+    gl_Position = projection * view * model * vec4(position, 1.0f);
+    vs_out.FragPos = vec3(model * vec4(position, 1.0));
+    if(reverse_normals) // A slight hack to make sure the outer large cube displays lighting from the 'inside' instead of the default 'outside'.
+        vs_out.Normal = transpose(inverse(mat3(model))) * (-1.0 * normal);
+    else
+        vs_out.Normal = transpose(inverse(mat3(model))) * normal;
+    vs_out.TexCoords = texCoords;
+}

src/5.advanced_lighting/3.2.2.point_shadows_soft/point_shadows_depth.frag

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+#version 330 core
+in vec4 FragPos;
+
+uniform vec3 lightPos;
+uniform float far_plane;
+
+void main()
+{
+    float lightDistance = length(FragPos.xyz - lightPos);
+    
+    // map to [0;1] range by dividing by far_plane
+    lightDistance = lightDistance / far_plane;
+    
+    // Write this as modified depth
+    gl_FragDepth = lightDistance;
+}

src/5.advanced_lighting/3.2.2.point_shadows_soft/point_shadows_depth.gs

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+#version 330 core
+layout (triangles) in;
+layout (triangle_strip, max_vertices=18) out;
+
+uniform mat4 shadowTransforms[6];
+
+out vec4 FragPos; // FragPos from GS (output per emitvertex)
+
+void main()
+{
+    for(int face = 0; face < 6; ++face)
+    {
+        gl_Layer = face; // built-in variable that specifies to which face we render.
+        for(int i = 0; i < 3; ++i) // for each triangle's vertices
+        {
+            FragPos = gl_in[i].gl_Position;
+            gl_Position = shadowTransforms[face] * FragPos;
+            EmitVertex();
+        }    
+        EndPrimitive();
+    }
+} 

src/5.advanced_lighting/3.2.2.point_shadows_soft/point_shadows_depth.vs

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+#version 330 core
+layout (location = 0) in vec3 position;
+
+uniform mat4 model;
+
+void main()
+{
+    gl_Position = model * vec4(position, 1.0);
+}

src/5.advanced_lighting/3.2.2.point_shadows_soft/point_shadows_soft.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,390 @@
+// GLEW
+#define GLEW_STATIC
+#include <GL/glew.h>
+
+// GLFW
+#include <GLFW/glfw3.h>
+
+// GL includes
+#include <learnopengl/shader.h>
+#include <learnopengl/camera.h>
+
+// GLM Mathemtics
+#include <glm/glm.hpp>
+#include <glm/gtc/matrix_transform.hpp>
+#include <glm/gtc/type_ptr.hpp>
+
+// Other Libs
+#include <SOIL.h>
+#include <learnopengl/filesystem.h>
+
+// Properties
+const GLuint SCR_WIDTH = 800, SCR_HEIGHT = 600;
+
+// Function prototypes
+void key_callback(GLFWwindow* window, int key, int scancode, int action, int mode);
+void scroll_callback(GLFWwindow* window, double xoffset, double yoffset);
+void mouse_callback(GLFWwindow* window, double xpos, double ypos);
+void Do_Movement();
+GLuint loadTexture(GLchar const * path);
+void RenderScene(Shader &shader);
+void RenderCube();
+void RenderQuad();
+
+// Camera
+Camera camera(glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 3.0f));
+
+// Delta
+GLfloat deltaTime = 0.0f;
+GLfloat lastFrame = 0.0f;
+
+// Options
+GLboolean shadows = true;
+
+// Global variables
+GLuint woodTexture;
+GLuint planeVAO;
+
+// The MAIN function, from here we start our application and run our Game loop
+int main()
+{
+    // Init GLFW
+    glfwInit();
+    glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MAJOR, 3);
+    glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MINOR, 3);
+    glfwWindowHint(GLFW_OPENGL_PROFILE, GLFW_OPENGL_CORE_PROFILE);
+    glfwWindowHint(GLFW_RESIZABLE, GL_FALSE);
+
+    GLFWwindow* window = glfwCreateWindow(SCR_WIDTH, SCR_HEIGHT, "LearnOpenGL", nullptr, nullptr); // Windowed
+    glfwMakeContextCurrent(window);
+
+    // Set the required callback functions
+    glfwSetKeyCallback(window, key_callback);
+    glfwSetCursorPosCallback(window, mouse_callback);
+    glfwSetScrollCallback(window, scroll_callback);
+
+    // Options
+    glfwSetInputMode(window, GLFW_CURSOR, GLFW_CURSOR_DISABLED);
+
+    // Initialize GLEW to setup the OpenGL Function pointers
+    glewExperimental = GL_TRUE;
+    glewInit();
+
+    // Define the viewport dimensions
+    glViewport(0, 0, SCR_WIDTH, SCR_HEIGHT);
+
+    // Setup some OpenGL options
+    glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);
+    glEnable(GL_CULL_FACE);
+
+    // Setup and compile our shaders
+    Shader shader("point_shadows.vs", "point_shadows.frag");
+    Shader simpleDepthShader("point_shadows_depth.vs", "point_shadows_depth.frag", "point_shadows_depth.gs");
+
+    // Set texture samples
+    shader.Use();
+    glUniform1i(glGetUniformLocation(shader.Program, "diffuseTexture"), 0);
+    glUniform1i(glGetUniformLocation(shader.Program, "depthMap"), 1);
+
+    // Light source
+    glm::vec3 lightPos(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
+
+    // Load textures
+    woodTexture = loadTexture(FileSystem::getPath("resources/textures/wood.png").c_str());
+
+    // Configure depth map FBO
+    const GLuint SHADOW_WIDTH = 1024, SHADOW_HEIGHT = 1024;
+    GLuint depthMapFBO;
+    glGenFramebuffers(1, &depthMapFBO);
+    // Create depth cubemap texture
+    GLuint depthCubemap;
+    glGenTextures(1, &depthCubemap);
+    glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP, depthCubemap);
+    for (GLuint i = 0; i < 6; ++i)
+        glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_POSITIVE_X + i, 0, GL_DEPTH_COMPONENT, SHADOW_WIDTH, SHADOW_HEIGHT, 0, GL_DEPTH_COMPONENT, GL_FLOAT, NULL);
+    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_NEAREST);
+    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_NEAREST);
+    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE);
+    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE);
+    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_R, GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE);
+    // Attach cubemap as depth map FBO's color buffer
+    glBindFramebuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, depthMapFBO);
+    glFramebufferTexture(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, GL_DEPTH_ATTACHMENT, depthCubemap, 0);
+    glDrawBuffer(GL_NONE);
+    glReadBuffer(GL_NONE);
+    if (glCheckFramebufferStatus(GL_FRAMEBUFFER) != GL_FRAMEBUFFER_COMPLETE)
+        std::cout << "Framebuffer not complete!" << std::endl;
+    glBindFramebuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, 0);
+
+    glClearColor(0.1f, 0.1f, 0.1f, 1.0f);
+
+    // Game loop
+    while (!glfwWindowShouldClose(window))
+    {
+        // Set frame time
+        GLfloat currentFrame = glfwGetTime();
+        deltaTime = currentFrame - lastFrame;
+        lastFrame = currentFrame;
+
+        // Check and call events
+        glfwPollEvents();
+        Do_Movement();
+
+        // Move light position over time
+        //lightPos.z = sin(glfwGetTime() * 0.5) * 3.0;
+
+        // 0. Create depth cubemap transformation matrices
+        GLfloat aspect = (GLfloat)SHADOW_WIDTH / (GLfloat)SHADOW_HEIGHT;
+        GLfloat near = 1.0f;
+        GLfloat far = 25.0f;
+        glm::mat4 shadowProj = glm::perspective(90.0f, aspect, near, far);
+        std::vector<glm::mat4> shadowTransforms;
+        shadowTransforms.push_back(shadowProj * glm::lookAt(lightPos, lightPos + glm::vec3( 1.0,  0.0,  0.0), glm::vec3(0.0, -1.0,  0.0)));
+        shadowTransforms.push_back(shadowProj * glm::lookAt(lightPos, lightPos + glm::vec3(-1.0,  0.0,  0.0), glm::vec3(0.0, -1.0,  0.0)));
+        shadowTransforms.push_back(shadowProj * glm::lookAt(lightPos, lightPos + glm::vec3( 0.0,  1.0,  0.0), glm::vec3(0.0,  0.0,  1.0)));
+        shadowTransforms.push_back(shadowProj * glm::lookAt(lightPos, lightPos + glm::vec3( 0.0, -1.0,  0.0), glm::vec3(0.0,  0.0, -1.0)));
+        shadowTransforms.push_back(shadowProj * glm::lookAt(lightPos, lightPos + glm::vec3( 0.0,  0.0,  1.0), glm::vec3(0.0, -1.0,  0.0)));
+        shadowTransforms.push_back(shadowProj * glm::lookAt(lightPos, lightPos + glm::vec3( 0.0,  0.0, -1.0), glm::vec3(0.0, -1.0,  0.0)));
+
+        // 1. Render scene to depth cubemap
+        glViewport(0, 0, SHADOW_WIDTH, SHADOW_HEIGHT);
+        glBindFramebuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, depthMapFBO);
+            glClear(GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);
+            simpleDepthShader.Use();
+            for (GLuint i = 0; i < 6; ++i)
+                glUniformMatrix4fv(glGetUniformLocation(simpleDepthShader.Program, ("shadowTransforms[" + std::to_string(i) + "]").c_str()), 1, GL_FALSE, glm::value_ptr(shadowTransforms[i]));
+            glUniform1f(glGetUniformLocation(simpleDepthShader.Program, "far_plane"), far);
+            glUniform3fv(glGetUniformLocation(simpleDepthShader.Program, "lightPos"), 1, &lightPos[0]);
+            RenderScene(simpleDepthShader);
+         glBindFramebuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, 0);
+
+        // 2. Render scene as normal 
+        glViewport(0, 0, SCR_WIDTH, SCR_HEIGHT);
+        glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);
+        shader.Use();
+        glm::mat4 projection = glm::perspective(camera.Zoom, (float)SCR_WIDTH / (float)SCR_HEIGHT, 0.1f, 100.0f);
+        glm::mat4 view = camera.GetViewMatrix();
+        glUniformMatrix4fv(glGetUniformLocation(shader.Program, "projection"), 1, GL_FALSE, glm::value_ptr(projection));
+        glUniformMatrix4fv(glGetUniformLocation(shader.Program, "view"), 1, GL_FALSE, glm::value_ptr(view));
+        // Set light uniforms
+        glUniform3fv(glGetUniformLocation(shader.Program, "lightPos"), 1, &lightPos[0]);
+        glUniform3fv(glGetUniformLocation(shader.Program, "viewPos"), 1, &camera.Position[0]);
+        // Enable/Disable shadows by pressing 'SPACE'
+        glUniform1i(glGetUniformLocation(shader.Program, "shadows"), shadows);
+        glUniform1f(glGetUniformLocation(shader.Program, "far_plane"), far);
+        glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0);
+        glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, woodTexture);
+        glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE1);
+        glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP, depthCubemap);
+        RenderScene(shader);
+
+        // Swap the buffers
+        glfwSwapBuffers(window);
+    }
+
+    glfwTerminate();
+    return 0;
+}
+
+void RenderScene(Shader &shader)
+{
+    // Room cube
+    glm::mat4 model;
+    model = glm::scale(model, glm::vec3(10.0));
+    glUniformMatrix4fv(glGetUniformLocation(shader.Program, "model"), 1, GL_FALSE, glm::value_ptr(model));
+    glDisable(GL_CULL_FACE); // Note that we disable culling here since we render 'inside' the cube instead of the usual 'outside' which throws off the normal culling methods.
+    glUniform1i(glGetUniformLocation(shader.Program, "reverse_normals"), 1); // A small little hack to invert normals when drawing cube from the inside so lighting still works.
+    RenderCube();
+    glUniform1i(glGetUniformLocation(shader.Program, "reverse_normals"), 0); // And of course disable it
+    glEnable(GL_CULL_FACE);
+    // Cubes
+    model = glm::mat4();
+    model = glm::translate(model, glm::vec3(4.0f, -3.5f, 0.0));
+    glUniformMatrix4fv(glGetUniformLocation(shader.Program, "model"), 1, GL_FALSE, glm::value_ptr(model));
+    RenderCube();
+    model = glm::mat4();
+    model = glm::translate(model, glm::vec3(2.0f, 3.0f, 1.0));
+    model = glm::scale(model, glm::vec3(1.5));
+    glUniformMatrix4fv(glGetUniformLocation(shader.Program, "model"), 1, GL_FALSE, glm::value_ptr(model));
+    RenderCube();
+    model = glm::mat4();
+    model = glm::translate(model, glm::vec3(-3.0f, -1.0f, 0.0));
+    glUniformMatrix4fv(glGetUniformLocation(shader.Program, "model"), 1, GL_FALSE, glm::value_ptr(model));
+    RenderCube();
+    model = glm::mat4();
+    model = glm::translate(model, glm::vec3(-1.5f, 1.0f, 1.5));
+    glUniformMatrix4fv(glGetUniformLocation(shader.Program, "model"), 1, GL_FALSE, glm::value_ptr(model));
+    RenderCube();
+    model = glm::mat4();
+    model = glm::translate(model, glm::vec3(-1.5f, 2.0f, -3.0));
+    model = glm::rotate(model, 60.0f, glm::normalize(glm::vec3(1.0, 0.0, 1.0)));
+    model = glm::scale(model, glm::vec3(1.5));
+    glUniformMatrix4fv(glGetUniformLocation(shader.Program, "model"), 1, GL_FALSE, glm::value_ptr(model));
+    RenderCube();
+}
+
+
+// RenderCube() Renders a 1x1 3D cube in NDC.
+GLuint cubeVAO = 0;
+GLuint cubeVBO = 0;
+void RenderCube()
+{
+    // Initialize (if necessary)
+    if (cubeVAO == 0)
+    {
+        GLfloat vertices[] = {
+            // Back face
+            -0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, // Bottom-left
+            0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, // top-right
+            0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, // bottom-right         
+            0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f,  // top-right
+            -0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f,  // bottom-left
+            -0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f,// top-left
+            // Front face
+            -0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, // bottom-left
+            0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f,  // bottom-right
+            0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f,  // top-right
+            0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, // top-right
+            -0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f,  // top-left
+            -0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f,  // bottom-left
+            // Left face
+            -0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, // top-right
+            -0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, // top-left
+            -0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f,  // bottom-left
+            -0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, // bottom-left
+            -0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f,  // bottom-right
+            -0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, // top-right
+            // Right face
+            0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, // top-left
+            0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, // bottom-right
+            0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, // top-right         
+            0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f,  // bottom-right
+            0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f,  // top-left
+            0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, // bottom-left     
+            // Bottom face
+            -0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, // top-right
+            0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, // top-left
+            0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f,// bottom-left
+            0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, // bottom-left
+            -0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, // bottom-right
+            -0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, // top-right
+            // Top face
+            -0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f,// top-left
+            0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, // bottom-right
+            0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, // top-right     
+            0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, // bottom-right
+            -0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f,// top-left
+            -0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f // bottom-left        
+        };
+        glGenVertexArrays(1, &cubeVAO);
+        glGenBuffers(1, &cubeVBO);
+        // Fill buffer
+        glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, cubeVBO);
+        glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(vertices), vertices, GL_STATIC_DRAW);
+        // Link vertex attributes
+        glBindVertexArray(cubeVAO);
+        glEnableVertexAttribArray(0);
+        glVertexAttribPointer(0, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 8 * sizeof(GLfloat), (GLvoid*)0);
+        glEnableVertexAttribArray(1);
+        glVertexAttribPointer(1, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 8 * sizeof(GLfloat), (GLvoid*)(3 * sizeof(GLfloat)));
+        glEnableVertexAttribArray(2);
+        glVertexAttribPointer(2, 2, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 8 * sizeof(GLfloat), (GLvoid*)(6 * sizeof(GLfloat)));
+        glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0);
+        glBindVertexArray(0);
+    }
+    // Render Cube
+    glBindVertexArray(cubeVAO);
+    glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 36);
+    glBindVertexArray(0);
+}
+
+// This function loads a texture from file. Note: texture loading functions like these are usually 
+// managed by a 'Resource Manager' that manages all resources (like textures, models, audio). 
+// For learning purposes we'll just define it as a utility function.
+GLuint loadTexture(GLchar const * path)
+{
+    // Generate texture ID and load texture data 
+    GLuint textureID;
+    glGenTextures(1, &textureID);
+    int width, height;
+    unsigned char* image = SOIL_load_image(path, &width, &height, 0, SOIL_LOAD_RGB);
+    // Assign texture to ID
+    glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, textureID);
+    glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL_RGB, width, height, 0, GL_RGB, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, image);
+    glGenerateMipmap(GL_TEXTURE_2D);
+
+    // Parameters
+    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_REPEAT);
+    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_REPEAT);
+    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_LINEAR_MIPMAP_LINEAR);
+    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);
+    glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0);
+    SOIL_free_image_data(image);
+    return textureID;
+
+}
+
+bool keys[1024];
+bool keysPressed[1024];
+// Moves/alters the camera positions based on user input
+void Do_Movement()
+{
+    // Camera controls
+    if (keys[GLFW_KEY_W])
+        camera.ProcessKeyboard(FORWARD, deltaTime);
+    if (keys[GLFW_KEY_S])
+        camera.ProcessKeyboard(BACKWARD, deltaTime);
+    if (keys[GLFW_KEY_A])
+        camera.ProcessKeyboard(LEFT, deltaTime);
+    if (keys[GLFW_KEY_D])
+        camera.ProcessKeyboard(RIGHT, deltaTime);
+
+    if (keys[GLFW_KEY_SPACE] && !keysPressed[GLFW_KEY_SPACE])
+    {
+        shadows = !shadows;
+        keysPressed[GLFW_KEY_SPACE] = true;
+    }
+}
+
+GLfloat lastX = 400, lastY = 300;
+bool firstMouse = true;
+// Is called whenever a key is pressed/released via GLFW
+void key_callback(GLFWwindow* window, int key, int scancode, int action, int mode)
+{
+    if (key == GLFW_KEY_ESCAPE && action == GLFW_PRESS)
+        glfwSetWindowShouldClose(window, GL_TRUE);
+
+    if (key >= 0 && key <= 1024)
+    {
+        if (action == GLFW_PRESS)
+            keys[key] = true;
+        else if (action == GLFW_RELEASE)
+        {
+            keys[key] = false;
+            keysPressed[key] = false;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+void mouse_callback(GLFWwindow* window, double xpos, double ypos)
+{
+    if (firstMouse)
+    {
+        lastX = xpos;
+        lastY = ypos;
+        firstMouse = false;
+    }
+
+    GLfloat xoffset = xpos - lastX;
+    GLfloat yoffset = lastY - ypos;
+
+    lastX = xpos;
+    lastY = ypos;
+
+    camera.ProcessMouseMovement(xoffset, yoffset);
+}
+
+void scroll_callback(GLFWwindow* window, double xoffset, double yoffset)
+{
+    camera.ProcessMouseScroll(yoffset);
+}